{"id":34455,"date":"2022-10-27T16:13:04","date_gmt":"2022-10-27T14:13:04","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/neuroscenter.com\/condicionament-operant\/"},"modified":"2023-01-13T16:11:49","modified_gmt":"2023-01-13T14:11:49","slug":"condicionament-operant","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/neuroscenter.com\/ca\/blog\/condicionament-operant\/","title":{"rendered":"Condicionament Operant"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2>Qu\u00e8 \u00e9s el condicionament operant?<\/h2> <p>El <strong>condicionament operant<\/strong> \u00e9s un tipus d&#8217;aprenentatge que passa a causa de les conseq\u00fc\u00e8ncies d&#8217;un comportament. En trets generals, si un comportament \u00e9s seguit per una conseq\u00fc\u00e8ncia positiva (refor\u00e7ador), aleshores \u00e9s m\u00e9s probable que el comportament es repeteixi; si un comportament \u00e9s seguit per una conseq\u00fc\u00e8ncia negativa (castigador), aleshores \u00e9s menys probable que el comportament es repeteixi.<\/p> <p>L&#8217;objectiu del condicionament operant \u00e9s augmentar o disminuir la probabilitat que una conducta passi, \u00e9s a dir, la modificaci\u00f3 de la conducta. Hi ha dos conceptes importants en aquest tipus d&#8217;aprenentatge:<\/p> <ul> <li>L&#8217;<strong>adquisici\u00f3<\/strong>: Quan una conducta, com a conseq\u00fc\u00e8ncia del refor\u00e7, cada cop es d\u00f3na de forma m\u00e9s freq\u00fcent i apareix m\u00e9s r\u00e0pid.<\/li> <li>L&#8217;<strong>extinci\u00f3<\/strong>: Quan una conducta, com a conseq\u00fc\u00e8ncia d&#8217;eliminar-ne el refor\u00e7ament, disminueix o s&#8217;acaba suprimint.<\/li> <\/ul> <h3>Tipus de condicionament operant<\/h3> <p>Podem trobar 4 maneres diferents d&#8217;aplicar el condicionament operant:<\/p> <ul> <li><strong>Refor\u00e7 positiu<\/strong>: Despr\u00e9s d&#8217;un comportament <strong>passa una conseq\u00fc\u00e8ncia positiva<\/strong> i en conseq\u00fc\u00e8ncia \u00e9s m\u00e9s probable que es torni a repetir aquest comportament.<\/li> <li><strong>Refor\u00e7 negatiu<\/strong>: Despr\u00e9s d&#8217;un comportament <strong>no passa una conseq\u00fc\u00e8ncia negativa<\/strong> i en conseq\u00fc\u00e8ncia \u00e9s m\u00e9s probable que es torni a repetir aquest comportament.<\/li> <li><strong>C\u00e0stig positiu<\/strong>: Despr\u00e9s d&#8217;un comportament <strong>passa una conseq\u00fc\u00e8ncia negativa<\/strong> i en conseq\u00fc\u00e8ncia \u00e9s menys probable que es torni a repetir aquest comportament.<\/li> <li><strong>C\u00e0stig negatiu<\/strong>: Despr\u00e9s d&#8217;un comportament <strong>no passa una conseq\u00fc\u00e8ncia positiva<\/strong> i en conseq\u00fc\u00e8ncia \u00e9s menys probable que es torni a repetir aquest comportament.<\/li> <\/ul> <h2>Hist\u00f2ria del condicionament operant<\/h2> <p>La hist\u00f2ria del condicionament operant es remunta a finals del segle XIX, quan <strong>Edward Thorndike<\/strong> va fer experiments amb animals en un intent per comprendre l&#8217;aprenentatge.<\/p> <p>Thorndike va desenvolupar les seves investigacions utilitzant les anomenades caixes de soluci\u00f3 de problemes. Eren una s\u00e8rie d&#8217;experiments que va fer usualment amb rates per estudiar com aprenien. Col\u00b7locava una rata en una caixa amb una palanca que obria la porta i la rata havia d&#8217;esbrinar com escapar-se. Thorndike va descobrir que despr\u00e9s d&#8217;uns intents aprendrien com resoldre el problema i que ho farien cada cop m\u00e9s r\u00e0pid. Aix\u00f2 es devia al fet que refor\u00e7ava la conducta de pressionar la palanca per escapar-se i per tant aquesta conducta era cada vegada m\u00e9s probable que es repet\u00eds.<\/p> <p>El treball de Thorndike va conduir al desenvolupament de la <strong>llei de l&#8217;efecte<\/strong>, que estableix que \u00e9s m\u00e9s probable que es repeteixi el comportament seguit d&#8217;una conseq\u00fc\u00e8ncia positiva, mentre que \u00e9s menys probable que es repeteixi el comportament seguit d&#8217;una conseq\u00fc\u00e8ncia negativa.<\/p> <p>A la d\u00e8cada de 1930, <strong>B. F. Skinner<\/strong> va realitzar experiments amb coloms i rates a les seves \u201cCaixes de Skinner\u201d per ampliar la comprensi\u00f3 del condicionament operant. Amb les investigacions, Skinner va poder definir molts dels elements que afecten l&#8217;aprenentatge per condicionament operant.<\/p> <h2>Difer\u00e8ncies entre condicionament operant i condicionament cl\u00e0ssic<\/h2> <p>El <strong>condicionament cl\u00e0ssic<\/strong> va ser descrit per primer cop a principis del segle XX per <strong>Ivan Pavlov<\/strong>, un fisi\u00f2leg rus. Va observar que els gossos comen\u00e7aven a salivar en pres\u00e8ncia de la persona que els donava menjar, fins i tot quan aquesta persona no portava menjar. Pavlov es va adonar que els gossos associaven la persona amb el menjar i que aquesta associaci\u00f3 els feia salivar.<\/p> <p>Pavlov va comen\u00e7ar a estudiar aquest fenomen de manera m\u00e9s sistem\u00e0tica. Va presentar als gossos una campana (Est\u00edmul Condicionat) i despr\u00e9s els va donar menjar (Est\u00edmul Incondicional). Despr\u00e9s de repetits aparellaments de la campana i el menjar, els gossos van comen\u00e7ar a salivar en resposta a la campana sola. Aix\u00f2 va demostrar que els gossos havien apr\u00e8s a associar la campana amb el menjar i que la campana havia esdevingut un est\u00edmul condicionat que provocava la resposta condicionada de salivaci\u00f3.<\/p> <p>El condicionament cl\u00e0ssic \u00e9s un tipus d&#8217;aprenentatge que es produeix com a conseq\u00fc\u00e8ncia de l&#8217;aparellament de dos est\u00edmuls. Despr\u00e9s de repetits aparellaments, la resposta a l&#8217;est\u00edmul condicionat arriba a assemblar-se a la resposta a l&#8217;est\u00edmul incondicionat.<\/p> <p>Tant el condicionament operant com el condicionament cl\u00e0ssic s\u00f3n formes en qu\u00e8 podem aprendre nova informaci\u00f3 o comportaments, per\u00f2 <strong>difereixen en diversos aspectes:<\/strong><\/p> <ul> <li>Al condicionament cl\u00e0ssic s&#8217;apr\u00e8n a associar dos est\u00edmuls, mentre que al condicionament operant s&#8217;associa un comportament a una conseq\u00fc\u00e8ncia.<\/li> <li>El condicionament cl\u00e0ssic suposa que l&#8217;est\u00edmul controla les respostes de l&#8217;organisme, per tant, l&#8217;organisme \u00e9s passiu. Tot i aix\u00f2, el condicionament operant assumeix que les respostes les controla l&#8217;organisme, \u00e9s a dir, t\u00e9 un paper actiu.<\/li> <li>El condicionament cl\u00e0ssic defineix si l&#8217;est\u00edmul \u00e9s condicionat o incondicional, per\u00f2 el condicionament operant no defineix l&#8217;est\u00edmul.<\/li> <li>Al condicionament cl\u00e0ssic, l&#8217;est\u00edmul es presenta abans del comportament desitjat, mentre que, en el condicionament operant, l&#8217;est\u00edmul es presenta despr\u00e9s que aparegui el comportament desitjat, com un refor\u00e7ador.<\/li> <\/ul> <p>Ambd\u00f3s tipus de condicionament s\u00f3n eines poderoses per a l&#8217;aprenentatge i es poden fer servir per ensenyar nous comportaments o per canviar els existents.<\/p> <h2>El condicionament operant al Neurofeedback<\/h2> <p>El <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/neuroscenter.com\/neurofeedback\/\">Neurofeedback<\/a><\/strong>\u00e9s un entrenament que <strong>es basa en el condicionament operant.<\/strong><\/p> <p>Realitzant un Electroencefalograma (EEG) es registren les ones cerebrals de la persona i posteriorment s&#8217;analitzen. Aix\u00f2 permet identificar si l&#8217;activitat cerebral de l&#8217;individu no funciona de la manera m\u00e9s eficient i si pot estar causant certes dificultats o simptomatologia. Tenint com a base aquesta informaci\u00f3, cal establir el pla d&#8217;entrenament individualitzat per a cada persona.<\/p> <p>L&#8217;entrenament consistir\u00e0 en qu\u00e8, a trav\u00e9s de la utilitzaci\u00f3 d&#8217;estimulaci\u00f3 visual i auditiva, es refor\u00e7aran els patrons d&#8217;ones que es volen augmentar i, per contra, no es refor\u00e7aran els que cal reduir. De manera inconscient, el cervell anir\u00e0 aprenent que obt\u00e9 un refor\u00e7 quan apareixen certes ones i que si les repeteix continuar\u00e0 obtenint un refor\u00e7.<\/p> <p>El Neurofeedback \u00e9s una t\u00e8cnica no invasiva, que obt\u00e9 els resultats simplement aplicant un entrenament basat a optimitzar el funcionament cerebral utilitzant refor\u00e7adors i que, aix\u00ed, pot millorar el benestar de les persones.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Qu\u00e8 \u00e9s el condicionament operant? El condicionament operant \u00e9s un tipus d&#8217;aprenentatge que passa a causa de les conseq\u00fc\u00e8ncies d&#8217;un comportament. En trets generals, si un comportament \u00e9s seguit per &#8230; <a title=\"Condicionament Operant\" class=\"read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/neuroscenter.com\/ca\/blog\/condicionament-operant\/\" aria-label=\"M\u00e9s informaci\u00f3 sobre Condicionament Operant\">Read more<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":34370,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_joinchat":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[298],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-34455","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-blog-ca","masonry-post","generate-columns","tablet-grid-50","mobile-grid-100","grid-parent","grid-33"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.1 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Qu\u00e8 \u00e9s el condicionament operant? \u25b7 Blog Neuroscenter<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Descobreix qu\u00e8 \u00e9s el condicionament operant, els tipus que hi ha i com el Neurofeedback es basa en aquest tipus d&#039;aprenentatge\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/neuroscenter.com\/ca\/blog\/condicionament-operant\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"ca_ES\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Qu\u00e8 \u00e9s el condicionament operant? 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